Efektivitas Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence (FCAI) masih menghadapi keterbatasan nyata dalam mengatasi disinformasi berbasis AI, sebagaimana terlihat pada Pilpres Taiwan 2024 ketika deepfake dimanfaatkan untuk membentuk persepsi publik serta mengancam hak-hak dasar. Walaupun ketentuan dalam konvensi mulai dari tuntutan transparansi hingga perlindungan hak asasi telah menyediakan landasan normatif yang kuat untuk menjaga integritas demokrasi, keberhasilannya tetap bergantung pada komitmen negara-negara dalam meratifikasi dan menerapkan standar tersebut secara konsisten di tingkat nasional. Kelemahan pada mekanisme pengawasan, penegakan sanksi, dan penyelesaian sengketa lintas yurisdiksi menunjukkan bahwa kerangka ini masih memerlukan penguatan agar dapat menanggapi tantangan global yang cepat berkembang.
Dalam konteks meningkatnya jumlah pengguna AI di seluruh dunia dan maraknya penyalahgunaan teknologi, termasuk propaganda deepfake di berbagai pemilu, urgensi ratifikasi FCAI termasuk oleh Indonesia menjadi semakin jelas. Tanpa adopsi dan implementasi yang luas, konvensi ini berpotensi tetap bersifat deklaratif tanpa dampak nyata. Karena itu, diperlukan reformasi yang mencakup audit terbuka, sanksi yang lebih tegas, serta mekanisme resolusi konflik yang kokoh untuk memastikan bahwa perkembangan AI dapat benar-benar digunakan untuk melindungi hak asasi manusia, menjamin kedaulatan informasi, dan menjaga proses demokrasi agar tetap adil serta stabil.

Kecerdasan Buatan; Disinformasi; FCAI Deepfake; Demokrasi.

Buku

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Jurnal

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Candidate, L L M, and Thupane J Kgoale. “An Analysis of the International and European Union Legal Instruments for Holding Artificial Intelligence Accountable” 2, no. (2021).

Cheong, Ben Chester. “Transparency and Accountability in AI Systems: Safeguarding Wellbeing in the Age of Algorithmic Decision-Making” 6 (2024).

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Kuźnicka-Błaszkowska, Dominika, and Nadiya Kostyuk. “Emerging Need to Regulate Deepfakes in International Law: The Russo-Ukrainian War as an Example.” Journal of Cybersecurity 11, no. 1 (2025).

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Ma, Alfian, et al. “Social Sciences & Humanities Open Social, Legal, and Ethical Implications of AI-Generated Deepfake Pornography on Digital Platforms: A Systematic Literature Review.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 12, no. August (2025): 101882.

Malacka, Michal. “AI Legislation, Private International Law and the Protection of Human Rights in the European Union” 11, no. 1 (n.d.): 51-122.

Marchal, Nahema, Rachel Xu, Rasmi Elasmar, Iason Gabriel, Beth Goldberg, and William Isaac. “Generative AI Misuse : A Taxonomy of Tactics and Insights from Real-World Data,” no. March (2024): 4-29.

Mohaghegh, Shahab. “Engineering Application of Artificial Intelligence” 01, no. 01 (2024): 80-174.

Mühlhoff, Rainer. “Predictive Privacy: Collective Data Protection in the Context of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data,” 2023.

Mustak, Mekhail, dkk. “Deepfakes: Deceptions, Mitigations, and Opportunities” 154 (2023).

National Science. “Recommendations of the National Human Rights Commission on the Draft Artificial Intelligence Fundamental Act,” 2024, 1–4.

Triatmodjo, Marsudi. “Penggunaan Artificial Intelligence Berdasarkan Hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual: Pengaturan Di Indonesia Dan Tantangannya Secara Global” 14, no. 3 (2025): 93-665.

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Regulasi

Rotenberg, Marc. “Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (Council Eur.).” International Legal Materials 64, no. 3 (2025): 859–902.