Bahaya Penularan Covid-19 di Gua dan Upaya Pencegahannya
Abstract
Gua memiliki potensi besar sebagai tempat penularan Covid-19. Aktivitas penelusuran gua di masa pandemi berpotensi meningkatkan dan memperluas penyebaran Covid-19. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai potensi bahaya aktivitas penelusuran gua di masa pandemi Covid-19 dan upaya-upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegahnya. Data diperoleh melalui metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Lingkungan gua memiliki karakter tertutup, tidak terdapat sinar matahari, minim ventilasi dan sirkulasi udara, suhu stabil dan kelembapan tinggi sehingga sangat ideal untuk terjadinya proses penularan Covid-19 antar manusia. Selain itu, gua juga menjadi habitat bagi kelelawar (Chiroptera) yang ternyata memiliki kemungkinan tertular Covid-19 dari manusia. Rute transmisi virus dari manusia ke kelelawar dan ditularkan kembali ke manusia dikhawatirkan terjadi. Pencegahan penyebaran Covid-19 di lingkungan gua dapat dilakukan di antaranya adalah dengan cara menunda kunjungan ke gua apabila kepentingan tidak mendesak, menggunakan peralatan SOP penelusuran gua, menerapkan protokol kesehatan dengan ketat, pembatasan jumlah penelusur dan durasi eksplorasi, tidak kontak langsung dengan kelelawar, dan menghindari lorong-lorong gua yang menjadi habitat kelelawar.References
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Kim, J.S., Jang, J.H., Kim, J.M., Chung, Y.S., Yoo, C.K., and Han, M.G. 2020. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Point Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Genome. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 11(3): 101–111. https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.3.05
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Kumar, O.R.V., Ramkumar, Pruthvishree, B.S., Pande, T., Sinha, D.K., Singh, B.R., … Malik, Y.S. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Zoonotic origin and susceptibility of domestic and wild animals. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 14(Special Edition): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.11
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Leendertz, S.A.J., Gogarten, J.F., Düx, A., Calvignac-Spencer, S., and Leendertz, F.H. 2016. Assessing the evidence supporting fruit bats as the primary reservoirs for ebola viruses. EcoHealth, 13(1): 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-015-1053-0
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Oreshkova, N., Moelnaar, R.J., Vreman, S., Harders, F., Munnink, B.B.O., Honin, R.W.H.V.D, … Stegeman, A. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks , the. Euro Surveillance, 25(23): 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.23.2001005
ProMed. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 update (169): Netherlands (North Brabant) animal, farmed mink, spread, rabbit suspected. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=7316646
Ranjan, K., Prasad, M., and Prasad, G. 2016. Bats: carriers of zoonotic viral and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 4(3S): 291–306. https://doi.org/10.18006/2016.4(3s).291.306
Ratnesar-Shumate, S., Williams, G., Green, B., Krause, M., Holland, B., Wood, S., … Dabisch, P. 2020. Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 222(2): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa274
Shang, J., Wan, Y., Luo, C., Ye, G., Geng, Q., Auerbach, A., and Li, F. 2020. Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(21): 11727–11734. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003138117
Sharun, K., Tiwari, R., Patel, S.K., Karthik, K., Yatoo, M.I, Malik, Y.S., … Dhama, K. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in domestic animals and wildlife: advances and prospects in the development of animal models for vaccine and therapeutic research. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 2020: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1807802
Sun, P., Lu, X., Xu, C., Sun, W., and Pan, B. 2020. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6): 548–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25722
Tang, X., Wu, C., Li, X., Song, Y., Yao, X., Wu, X., … Lu, J. 2020. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. National Science Review, 7(6): 1012–1023. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036
Tiwari, R., Dhama, K., Sharun, K., Iqbal Yatoo, M., Malik, Y.S., Singh, R., … Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. 2020. COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links. Veterinary Quarterly, 40(1): 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1766725
Triandini, E., Jayanatha, S., Indrawan, A., Werla Putra, G., and Iswara, B. 2019. Metode Systematic Literature Review untuk Identifikasi Platform dan Metode Pengembangan Sistem Informasi di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Information Systems, 1(2): 63–77. https://doi.org/10.24002/ijis.v1i2.1916
Tu, Y.F., Chien, C.S., Yarmishyn, A.A., Lin, Y.Y., Luo, Y.H., Lin, Y.T., … Chiou, S.H. 2020. A review of sars-cov-2 and the ongoing clinical trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7): 2657–2676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072657
Valitutto, M.T., Aung, O., Tun, K.Y.N., Vodzak, M.E., Zimmerman, D., Yu, J.H., … Mazet, J. 2020. Detection of novel coronaviruses in bats in Myanmar. PLoS ONE, April 9: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230802
Wang, Q., Qi, J., Yuan, Y., Xuan, Y., Han, P., Wan, Y., … Gao, G.F. 2014. Bat origins of MERS-CoV supported by bat Coronavirus HKU4 usage of human receptor CD26. Cell Host and Microbe, 16(3): 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.08.009
WHO. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 94. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200423-sitrep-94-covid-19.pdf
Wong, A.C.P., Li, X., Lau, S.K.P., and Woo, P.C.Y. 2019. Global epidemiology of bat coronaviruses. Viruses, 11(2): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11020174
Wu, Y., Jing, W., Liu, J., Ma, Q., Yuan, J., Wang, Y., … Liu, M. 2020. Effects of temperature and humidity on the daily new cases and new deaths of COVID-19 in 166 countries. Science of the Total Environment, 729: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139051
Zhang, D.X. 2020. SARS-CoV-2: air/aerosols and surfaces in laboratory and clinical settings. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(3): 577–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.001
Zhang, H., Tang, W., Chen, Y., and Yin, W. 2020a. Disinfection threatens aquatic ecosystems. Science, 368(6487): 146–147. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8905
Zhang, T., Wu, Q., and Zhang, Z. 2020b. Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak. Current Biology, 30(7):1346–1351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022
Zheng, J. 2020. SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16: 1678–1685. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45053
Zhou, P., Yang, X. Lou, Wang, X.G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., … Shi, Z.L. 2020. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798): 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Allocati, N., Petrucci, A.G., Giovanni, D.P., Masulli, M., Ilio, D.C., and Laurenzi, D.V. 2016. Bat–man disease transmission: zoonotic pathogens from wildlife reservoirs to human populations. Cell Death Discovery, 2: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.48
Andersen, K.G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W.I., Holmes, E.C., and Garry, R.F. 2020. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Medicine, 26: 450–452. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
Balboni, A., Battilani, M., and Prosperi, S. 2012. The SARS-like coronaviruses : the role of bats and evolutionary relationships with SARS coronavirus. New Microbiologica, 35(1): 1–16.
Barr, J.A., Smith, C., Marsh, G.A., Field, H., and Wang, L.F. 2012. Evidence of bat origin for Menangle virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus first isolated from diseased pigs. Journal of General Virology, 93: 2590–2594. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.045385-0
Barton, H.A. 2020. Safe and effective disinfection of showcave infrastructure in a time of COVID-19. International Journal of Speleology, 49(2): 137–147. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.49.2.2332
Chan, K.H., Peiris, J.S.M., Lam, S.Y., Poon, L.L.M., Yuen, K.Y., and Seto, W.H. 2011. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus. Advances in Virology, 2011: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/734690
Dhama, K., Sharun, K., Tiwari, R., Dadar, M., Malik, Y.S., Singh, K.P., and Chaicumpa, W. 2020. COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, February: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1735227
Doremalen, N.V., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D.H., Holbrook, M.G., Gamble,A., Williamson, B.N., … Munster, V.J. 2020. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(16): 1–4. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973
Durán-Valsero, J.J., Robledo-Ardila, P.A., and Morales-García, R. 2020. International Show Caves Association (ISCA) Recommendations For Show Caves in Relation to The Sars-Cov-2 Virus Pandemic (Covid-19) (Vol. 2). Retrieved from http://www.i-s-c-a.org/news/221-isca-covid-recommendations
Furey, N.M., and Racey, P.A. 2016. Conservation Ecology of Cave Bats. In C. V. Christian & T. Kingston (Eds.), Bats in the anthropocene: Conservation of bats in a changing world (1st ed., pp. 463–500). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9
Han, H.J., Wen, H.L., Zhou, C.M., Chen, F.F., Luo, L.M., Liu, J.W., and Yu, X.J. 2015. Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases. Virus Research, 205: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.006
Helmy, Y.A., Fawzy, M., Elaswad, A., Sobieh, A., Kenney, S.P., and Shehata, A.A. 2020. The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4): 1225–1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041225
Hobday, R.A., and Dancer, S.J. 2013. Roles of sunlight and natural ventilation for controlling infection: Historical and current perspectives. Journal of Hospital Infection, 84(4): 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2013.04.011
Iyiola, A.O., Asiedu, B., and Fawole, F.J. 2020. Possible effects of COVID-19 on sustainability of aquatic ecosystems: An overview. Aquatic Research, 3(4): 177–187. https://doi.org/10.3153/ar20016
Kim, J.S., Jang, J.H., Kim, J.M., Chung, Y.S., Yoo, C.K., and Han, M.G. 2020. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Point Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Genome. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 11(3): 101–111. https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.3.05
Kiros, M., Andualem, H., Kiros, T., Hailemichael, W., Getu, S., Geteneh, A., … Abegaz, W.E. 2020. COVID-19 pandemic: current knowledge about the role of pets and other animals in disease transmission. Virology Journal, 17(1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01416-9
Kumar, O.R.V., Ramkumar, Pruthvishree, B.S., Pande, T., Sinha, D.K., Singh, B.R., … Malik, Y.S. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Zoonotic origin and susceptibility of domestic and wild animals. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 14(Special Edition): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.11
Kurniawan, I.D., and Rahmadi, C. 2019. Ekologi Gua Wisata. Graha Ilmu. Yogyakarta. 136 hlm.
Leendertz, S.A.J., Gogarten, J.F., Düx, A., Calvignac-Spencer, S., and Leendertz, F.H. 2016. Assessing the evidence supporting fruit bats as the primary reservoirs for ebola viruses. EcoHealth, 13(1): 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-015-1053-0
Nabi, G., Wang, Y., Hao, Y., Khan, S., Wu, Y., and Li, D. 2020. Massive use of disinfectants against COVID-19 poses potential risks to urban wildlife Coronavirus. Environmental Research, 188(September 2020, 109916): 1–3. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109916
Nuñez, G.B., Cunningham, A., Moise, E., Fils, B., Frick, W., Islam, N., … Dinh, T.V. 2020. IUCN SSC Bat Specialist Group ( BSG ) Recommended Strategy for Researchers to Reduce the Risk of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Humans to Bats. Retrieved from https://www.iucnbsg.org/uploads/6/5/0/9/6509077/map_recommendations_for_researchers_v._1.0_final.pdf
Oreshkova, N., Moelnaar, R.J., Vreman, S., Harders, F., Munnink, B.B.O., Honin, R.W.H.V.D, … Stegeman, A. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks , the. Euro Surveillance, 25(23): 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.23.2001005
ProMed. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 update (169): Netherlands (North Brabant) animal, farmed mink, spread, rabbit suspected. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=7316646
Ranjan, K., Prasad, M., and Prasad, G. 2016. Bats: carriers of zoonotic viral and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 4(3S): 291–306. https://doi.org/10.18006/2016.4(3s).291.306
Ratnesar-Shumate, S., Williams, G., Green, B., Krause, M., Holland, B., Wood, S., … Dabisch, P. 2020. Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 222(2): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa274
Shang, J., Wan, Y., Luo, C., Ye, G., Geng, Q., Auerbach, A., and Li, F. 2020. Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(21): 11727–11734. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003138117
Sharun, K., Tiwari, R., Patel, S.K., Karthik, K., Yatoo, M.I, Malik, Y.S., … Dhama, K. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in domestic animals and wildlife: advances and prospects in the development of animal models for vaccine and therapeutic research. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 2020: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1807802
Sun, P., Lu, X., Xu, C., Sun, W., and Pan, B. 2020. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6): 548–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25722
Tang, X., Wu, C., Li, X., Song, Y., Yao, X., Wu, X., … Lu, J. 2020. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. National Science Review, 7(6): 1012–1023. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036
Tiwari, R., Dhama, K., Sharun, K., Iqbal Yatoo, M., Malik, Y.S., Singh, R., … Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. 2020. COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links. Veterinary Quarterly, 40(1): 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1766725
Triandini, E., Jayanatha, S., Indrawan, A., Werla Putra, G., and Iswara, B. 2019. Metode Systematic Literature Review untuk Identifikasi Platform dan Metode Pengembangan Sistem Informasi di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Information Systems, 1(2): 63–77. https://doi.org/10.24002/ijis.v1i2.1916
Tu, Y.F., Chien, C.S., Yarmishyn, A.A., Lin, Y.Y., Luo, Y.H., Lin, Y.T., … Chiou, S.H. 2020. A review of sars-cov-2 and the ongoing clinical trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7): 2657–2676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072657
Valitutto, M.T., Aung, O., Tun, K.Y.N., Vodzak, M.E., Zimmerman, D., Yu, J.H., … Mazet, J. 2020. Detection of novel coronaviruses in bats in Myanmar. PLoS ONE, April 9: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230802
Wang, Q., Qi, J., Yuan, Y., Xuan, Y., Han, P., Wan, Y., … Gao, G.F. 2014. Bat origins of MERS-CoV supported by bat Coronavirus HKU4 usage of human receptor CD26. Cell Host and Microbe, 16(3): 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.08.009
WHO. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 94. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200423-sitrep-94-covid-19.pdf
Wong, A.C.P., Li, X., Lau, S.K.P., and Woo, P.C.Y. 2019. Global epidemiology of bat coronaviruses. Viruses, 11(2): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11020174
Wu, Y., Jing, W., Liu, J., Ma, Q., Yuan, J., Wang, Y., … Liu, M. 2020. Effects of temperature and humidity on the daily new cases and new deaths of COVID-19 in 166 countries. Science of the Total Environment, 729: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139051
Zhang, D.X. 2020. SARS-CoV-2: air/aerosols and surfaces in laboratory and clinical settings. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(3): 577–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.001
Zhang, H., Tang, W., Chen, Y., and Yin, W. 2020a. Disinfection threatens aquatic ecosystems. Science, 368(6487): 146–147. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8905
Zhang, T., Wu, Q., and Zhang, Z. 2020b. Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak. Current Biology, 30(7):1346–1351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022
Zheng, J. 2020. SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16: 1678–1685. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45053
Zhou, P., Yang, X. Lou, Wang, X.G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., … Shi, Z.L. 2020. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798): 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Published
2020-10-25
How to Cite
KURNIAWAN, Isma Dwi; RAHMADI, Cahyo; WISNUAJI, Rasyid.
Bahaya Penularan Covid-19 di Gua dan Upaya Pencegahannya.
SIMBIOSA, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 166-176, oct. 2020.
ISSN 2598-6007.
Available at: <https://www.journal.unrika.ac.id/index.php/simbiosajournal/article/view/2529>. Date accessed: 14 feb. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.33373/sim-bio.v9i2.2529.
Section
Review Articles
Keywords
Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, transmisi, gua, kelelawar
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2. Jaminan Penulis
Penulis menjamin bahwa artikel tersebut asli, ditulis oleh penulis lain, belum diterbitkan sebelumnya, tidak mengandung pernyataan yang melanggar hukum, tidak melanggar hak orang lain, tunduk pada hak cipta yang dipegang secara eksklusif oleh penulis dan bebas dari setiap hak pihak ketiga, dan bahwa setiap izin tertulis yang diperlukan untuk mengutip dari sumber lain telah diperoleh oleh penulis.
3. Hak Pengguna
Jurnal Simbiosa adalah untuk menyebarluaskan artikel yang diterbitkan sebebas mungkin. Di bawah lisensi Creative Commons, Simbiosa mengizinkan pengguna untuk menyalin, mendistribusikan, menampilkan, dan melakukan pekerjaan hanya untuk tujuan non-komersial. Pengguna juga perlu mengaitkan penulis dan Jurnal Simbiosa dalam mendistribusikan karya di jurnal dan media publikasi lainnya.
4. Hak Penulis
Memegang semua hak mereka untuk karya yang diterbitkan, seperti (tetapi tidak terbatas pada) hak-hak berikut;
- Hak cipta dan hak kepemilikan lainnya yang berkaitan dengan artikel, seperti hak paten,
- Hak untuk menggunakan substansi artikel dalam karya masa depan sendiri, termasuk kuliah dan buku,
- Hak untuk mereproduksi artikel untuk keperluan sendiri,
- Hak untuk mengarsipkan diri sendiri artikel tersebut,
- Hak untuk mengadakan perjanjian kontrak tambahan yang terpisah untuk distribusi non-eksklusif dari versi artikel yang diterbitkan (misalnya, mempostingnya ke repositori institusional atau menerbitkannya dalam sebuah buku), dengan pengakuan atas publikasi awal dalam jurnal Simbiosa ini.
5. Co-Authorship
Jika artikel tersebut disusun bersama oleh lebih dari satu penulis, setiap penulis yang menyerahkan naskah waran bahwa ia telah diberi wewenang oleh semua penulis bersama untuk menyetujui hak cipta dan pemberitahuan lisensi (perjanjian) ini atas nama mereka, dan setuju untuk memberi tahu rekan penulis dari ketentuan kebijakan ini. Jurnal Simbiosa tidak akan bertanggung jawab atas apa pun yang mungkin timbul karena perselisihan internal penulis. Jurnal Simbiosa hanya akan berkomunikasi dengan penulis yang sesuai.
6. Royalti
Menjadi jurnal yang dapat diakses secara terbuka dan menyebarkan artikel secara gratis di bawah masa lisensi Creative Commons yang disebutkan, penulis menyadari bahwa Jurnal Simbiosa tidak memberikan hak royalti kepada penulis atau biaya lainnya.
7. Lain-lain
Jurnal Simbiosa akan menerbitkan artikel (atau menerbitkannya) di jurnal jika proses editorial artikel berhasil diselesaikan. Editor Simbiosa dapat memodifikasi artikel dengan gaya tanda baca, ejaan, huruf besar, referensi, dan penggunaan yang dianggap tepat. Penulis mengakui bahwa artikel tersebut dapat dipublikasikan sehingga akan dapat diakses oleh publik dan akses tersebut akan gratis bagi pembaca seperti yang disebutkan dalam poin 3.
