Differentiating Fakir And Miskin: Integrating Islamic Values Into Indonesia's Poverty Policy Reform

Okky Rizki Azizi, Ryan Anggria Pratama, Azhari Setiawan, Azrul Asyikin, Adhe Fadli Farhan, M Rizqi Azmi

Abstract


Indonesia's monetary poverty rate fell to 8.47 percent in March 2025, but the legal and administrative architecture still treats fakir and miskin as a combined category. This article examines how their differentiation, together with Islamic values, can inform poverty-policy reform and how that distinction can be translated into measurable governance. The study uses a qualitative comparative policy review of Law Number 13 of 2011, Indonesia's 2025 single-registry reforms, scholarly and policy literature, and five functionally selected comparative cases. Hybrid deductive-inductive content analysis maps evidence across conceptual clarity, targeting precision, intervention fit, and accountability. The findings define fakir as severe and compounded deprivation requiring guaranteed protection and case management, while miskin denotes insufficient but existing capability requiring empowerment, productive inclusion, and supported graduation. The framework translates 'adl, maslahah, kafalah, and amanah into public indicators and proposes coordination between statutory social protection, the National Single Socioeconomic Data, and Islamic social-finance institutions. Its contribution is a differentiated poverty-governance model that connects culturally embedded categories to transparent definitions, dynamic classification, pathway-specific support, and auditable outcomes without treating the categories as fixed social identities.

Keywords


poverty governance; fakir; miskin; Islamic values; legal reform; social protection; Indonesia

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aggarwal, S., Jeong, D., Kumar, N., Park, D. S., Robinson, J., & Spearot, A. (2024). Shortening the path to productive investment: Evidence from input fairs and cash transfers in Malawi. Journal of Development Economics, 170, 103288.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103288

Alatas, V., Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Olken, B. A., & Tobias, J. (2012). Targeting the poor: Evidence from a field experiment in Indonesia. American Economic Review, 102(4), 1206-1240. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.4.1206

Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7), 476-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.006

Alkire, S., & Santos, M. E. (2014). Measuring acute poverty in the developing world: Robustness and scope of the multidimensional poverty index. World Development, 59, 251-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.026

Bastagli, F., Hagen-Zanker, J., Harman, L., Barca, V., Sturge, G., & Schmidt, T. (2019). The impact of cash transfers: A review of the evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Social Policy, 48(3), 569-594.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279418000715

Beik, I. S., & Arsyianti, L. D. (2016). Measuring zakat impact on poverty and welfare using CIBEST model. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 1(2), 141-160. https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v1i2.524

BPS Statistik Indonesia. (2025). Indonesia Poverty Profile in March (Issue 63).

Brown, C., Ravallion, M., & van de Walle, D. (2018). A poor means test? Econometric targeting in Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 134, 109-124.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.05.004

Camacho, A., & Conover, E. (2011). Manipulation of social program eligibility. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 3(2), 41-65.

https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.3.2.41

Carter, M. R., & Barrett, C. B. (2006). The economics of poverty traps and persistent poverty: An asset-based approach. The Journal of Development Studies, 42(2), 178-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380500405261

Chaudhuri, S., Jalan, J., & Suryahadi, A. (2002). Assessing household vulnerability to poverty from cross-sectional data: A methodology and estimates from Indonesia. Columbia University. https://doi.org/10.7916/D85149GF

Cigdem-Bayram, M., Nolan, C., Rama, I., & Bieske, N. (2025). Monetary and multidimensional poverty in Australia: A dual measurement approach. Australian Economic Review, 58(S1), S72-S85. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.70023

Coady, D., Grosh, M., & Hoddinott, J. (2004). Targeting of transfers in developing countries: Review of lessons and experience. World Bank.

https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5769-7

Dercon, S. (2002). Income risk, coping strategies, and safety nets. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(2), 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/17.2.141

Deyshappriya, N. P. R., & Feeny, S. (2025). Does it matter how we measure poverty? Correlates of income and multidimensional poverty in Sri Lanka. Review of Development Economics, 29(2), 855-886.

https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13150

Foster, J., Greer, J., & Thorbecke, E. (1984). A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica, 52(3), 761-766. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913475

Handa, S., Natali, L., Seidenfeld, D., Tembo, G., & Davis, B. (2018). Can unconditional cash transfers raise long-term living standards? Evidence from Zambia. Journal of Development Economics, 133, 42-65.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.01.008

Hanna, R., & Olken, B. A. (2018). Universal basic incomes versus targeted transfers: Anti-poverty programs in developing countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(4), 201-226.

https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.4.201

Haushofer, J., & Shapiro, J. (2016). The short-term impact of unconditional cash transfers to the poor: Experimental evidence from Kenya. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1973-2042.

https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw025

Kasri, R. A. (2016). Effectiveness of zakah targeting in alleviating poverty in Indonesia. Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 8(2), 169-186.

https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i2.3005

Khairi, R. (2022). Kontekstualisasi Kriteria Fakir Miskin Dalam Pandangan Mazhab Syafi'i Di Indonesia. Wasathiyyah, 4(1), 47-59.

https://doi.org/10.58470/wasathiyyah.v4i1.18

Leite, P. G., George, T., Sun, C., Jones, T., & Lindert, K. (2017). Social registries for social assistance and beyond: A guidance note and assessment tool. World Bank.

https://doi.org/10.1596/28284

Lindert, K., Karippacheril, T. G., Rodriguez Caillava, I., & Chavez, K. N. (2020). Sourcebook on the foundations of social protection delivery systems. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1577-5

Ma, Y., & Sukmana, R. (2025). Takeaways from Islamic social finance and sustainable development goals discourse: Review and bibliometric analysis on future directions for zakat, waqf and Islamic microfinance. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research.

https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-06-2024-0227

Mat Daud, M. S., & Wahid, H. (2025). Assessing the role of zakat institutions in the socio-economic sustainability of the poor and destitute in Malaysia. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 45(11-12), 1121-1136. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-01-2025-0036

Ministry of National Development Planning. (2025). Regulation of the Minister of National Development Planning Number 7 of 2025 concerning guidelines for sharing the National Single Socioeconomic Data. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/324453/permen-ppnkepala-bappenas-no-7-tahun-2025

Naidoo, Y., & Smyth, C. (2025). Material deprivation in Australia: A multidimensional approach to poverty measurement 50 years after Henderson. Australian Economic Review, 58(S1), S58-S71.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.70024

Nurzansyah, M. (2021). Perbandingan Tafsir Kata Faqir dan Miskin dalam Al-Qur'an. Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Pencerahan, 17(1).

https://doi.org/10.31000/rf.v17i1.4210

O'Connor, C. (2024). Do conditional cash transfers create resilience against poverty? Long-run evidence from Jamaica. World Development, 176, 106513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106513

Riyaldi, M. H. (2017). Kedudukan dan Prinsip Pembagian Zakat dalam Mengatasi Permasalahan Kemiskinan (Analisis Pandangan Yusuf Qardhawi). Jurnal Perspektif Ekonomi Darussalam, 3(1), 17-27.

https://doi.org/10.24815/jped.v3i1.6989

Robson, M., Vollmer, F., Dogan, B. B., & Grede, N. (2024). Distributional impacts of cash transfers on the multidimensional poverty of refugees: The Emergency Social Safety Net in Turkey. World Development, 179, 106599.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106599

Sabates-Wheeler, R., Lind, J., Hoddinott, J., & Tefera Taye, M. (2021). Graduation after 10 years of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme: Surviving but still not thriving. Development Policy Review, 39(4), 511-531.

https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12515

Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Alfred A. Knopf.

Shikur, A. A., & Akkas, E. (2024). Islamic microfinance services: A catalyst for poverty reduction in eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 17(4), 770-788. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-09-2023-0327

Sugiharti, L., Esquivias, M. A., Shaari, M. S., Dwi, A., & Ridzuan, A. R. (2023). Indonesia ' s poverty puzzle : Chronic vs . transient poverty dynamics poverty dynamics. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2267927

Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living. Allen Lane.

https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520325760

Umar, U. H., Baita, A. J., Haron, M. H. Bin, & Kabiru, S. H. (2021). The potential of Islamic social finance to alleviate poverty in the era of COVID-19: The moderating effect of ethical orientation. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 15(2), 255-270. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-07-2020-0371

Wahyono, E., Solekhah, N., Imron, D. K., Hakim, F. N., Mardiyanto, A., Pramono, A., Nugroho, A. E., & Humaedi, M. A. (2024). Ethnostatistics of Single Integrated National Database : A Reflection on the National Program of Socioeconomic Registration for Social Protection Programs in Indonesia. 11(3), 315-330. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v11i3.19495

Widiastuti, T., Ningsih, S., Prasetyo, A., Mawardi, I., Herianingrum, S., Robani, A., Ubaidillah, M., Mustofa, A., & Fadlul, A. (2022). Heliyon Developing an integrated model of Islamic social fi nance : toward an effective governance framework. Heliyon, 8(9), e10383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10383




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33373/jtp.v10i2.9018

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


EDITORIAL OFFICE:

Department of Government Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences - Universitas Riau Kepulauan - Indonesia

Telp: (0778) 39275 | Email: jurnaltriaspolitika2017@gmail.com

Jurnal Trias Politika (JTP) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. © 2017-2025 Authors